Adaptive Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises: Effects of Feedback Seeking, Work Uncertainty and Entrepreneurial Intention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59926/jodprp.vol09/01Keywords:
Feedback-Seeking Behaviour, Adaptive Performance, Work Uncertainty, Entrepreneurial Intention, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)Abstract
The paper examines the relationship between feedback seeking and employees’ adaptive performance with the mediating role of work uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention within the Self-Determination Theory framework. Data were gathered using a three‑wave, time‑lagged survey design, targeting Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) employees from Pakistan’s six major cities (Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta) working in the manufacturing and service industries. Parallel multiple mediation was tested through Structural Equational Modelling (SEM). The study reveals that work uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention act as parallel mediators between feedback seeking and employees’ adaptive performance. By highlighting the role of team members, this research shifts the emphasis from managers to peers in soliciting feedback. These insights offer policymakers a new perspective for designing more effective workforce development strategies. Overall, the findings contribute to the feedback‑seeking and adaptive‑performance literature by demonstrating how organisations can increase performance by mitigating work uncertainty and fostering entrepreneurial intention.
JEL Classification Codes: D03, D81, D83, D91, J63, L2, L26, M14
Submitted: June 27, 2024
Last Revised: July 17, 2025
Accepted: August 07, 2025
Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment: We gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. Rab Nawaz Lohdi, whose trust and guidance were instrumental in the successful completion of this publication.
Funding: No funding was received for this research.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Alam, A. 2021, Should Robots Replace Teachers? Mobilisation of AI and Learning Analytics in Education’, paper presented at the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, 3-4 December, pp. 1-12, . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAC353642.2021.9697300
Aldabbas, H., Pinnington, A., Lahrech, A., and Blaique, L. 2025, ‘Extrinsic Rewards for Employee Creativity? The Role of Perceived Organizational Support, Work Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation’, International Journal of Innovation Science, vol. 17, no.2, pp. 237-260, . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-08-2022-0165
Alhadabi, A. and Karpinski, A.C. 2020, ‘Grit, Self-Efficacy, Achievement Orientation Goals, and Academic Performance in University Students’, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 519-535, <https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1679202>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1679202
Alnuaimi, M., Alzoubi, H. M., Ajelat, D. and Alzoubi, A.A. 2021, ‘Towards Intelligent Organisations: An Empirical Investigation of Learning Orientation’s Role in Technical Innovation’, International Journal of Innovation and Learning, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 207-221, <https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2021.112996>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2021.112996
Attanasio, G., Preghenella, N., De Toni, A.F. and Battistella, C. 2022, ‘Stakeholder Engagement in Business Models for Sustainability: The Stakeholder Value Flow Model for Sustainable Development’, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 860-874, <https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2922>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2922
Bahtilla, M. 2024, ‘Supervisory Feedback: Supervisors’ Reasons for Not Giving Timely Feedback’, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 19-30, <https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2022.2083656>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2022.2083656
Barai, M.K. and Dhar, S. 2024, ‘COVID-19 Pandemic: Inflicted Costs and Some Emerging Global Issues’, Global Business Review, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 812-831, <https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150921991499>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150921991499
Capon-Sieber, V., Köhler, C., Alp Christ, A., Helbling, J. and Praetorius, A-K. 2022, ‘The Role of Relatedness in the Motivation and Vitality of University Students in Online Classes during Social Distancing’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, e702323, <https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702323>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702323
Déprez, G.R.M., Bazine, N., Fréour, L., Peña-Jimenez, M., Cangialosi, N. and Battistelli, A. 2021, ‘From Feedback Seeking to Psychological Attachment, The Mediating Role of Adaptive Performance in Perceived Obstruction Context’, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 24, e1, <https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/SJP.2021.1>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.1
Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D.M. and Okoronka, A.U. 2020, ‘Motivation in Learning’, Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 16-37, <https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v10i430273>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v10i430273
Hassan, A., Anwar, I., Saleem, I., Islam, K.M.B. and Hussain, S.A. 2021, ‘Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation, Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Motivations’, Industry and Higher Education, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 403-418, <https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211007051>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211007051
He, Z., Huang, H., Choi, H. and Bilgihan, A. 2023, ‘Building Organizational Resilience with Digital Transformation’, Journal of Service Management, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 147-171, <https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-06-2021-0216>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-06-2021-0216
Irfan, S.M., Qadeer, F., Abdullah, M.I. and Sarfraz, M. 2023, ‘Employer’s Investments in Job Crafting to Promote Knowledge Worker’s Sustainable Employability: A Moderated Mediation Model’, Personnel Review, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 2025-2047, <https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2021-0704>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2021-0704
Johnson, D.A., Johnson, C.M. and Dave, P. 2023, ‘Performance Feedback in Organizations: Understanding the Functions, Forms, and Important Features’, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 64-89, <https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2022.2089436>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2022.2089436
Koch, T. and Denner, N. 2022, ‘Informal Communication in Organizations: Work Time Wasted at the Water-Cooler or Crucial Exchange Among Co-Workers?’, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 494-508, <https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-08-2021-0087>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-08-2021-0087
Leach, D., Hagger‐Johnson, G., Doerner, N., Wall, T., Turner, N., Dawson, J., and Grote, G. 2013, ‘Developing a Measure of Work Uncertainty’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 85-99, <https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12000>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12000
Lee, S. 2022, ‘The Myth of the Flat Start‐Up: Reconsidering the Organizational Structure of Start‐Ups’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 58-92, <https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3333>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3333
Lee, Y. and Kim, J. 2021, ‘Cultivating Employee Creativity through Strategic Internal Communication: The Role of Leadership, Symmetry, and Feedback Seeking Behaviors’, Public Relations Review, vol. 47, no. 1, p.101998, <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101998>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101998
Liñán, F. and Chen, Y.W. 2009, ‘Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 593-617, <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
London, M., Volmer, J., Zyberaj, J. and Kluger, A.N. 2023, ‘Gaining Feedback Acceptance: Leader-Member Attachment Style and Psychological Safety’, Human Resource Management Review, vol. 33, no. 2, p.100953, <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2023.100953>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2023.100953
López-Cabarcos, M.Á., Vázquez-Rodríguez, P. and Quiñoá-Piñeiro, L.M. 2022, ‘An Approach to Employees’ Job Performance through Work Environmental Variables and Leadership Behaviours’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 140, pp. 361-369, <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.006>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.006
Maker, C.J. 2021, ‘Exceptional Talent in the 21st Century Context: Conceptual Framework, Definition, Assessment, and Development’, Gifted Education International, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 158-198, <https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429421995188>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429421995188
Marques-Quinteiro, P., Ramos-Villagrasa, P.J., Passos, A.M. and Curral, L. 2015, ‘Measuring Adaptive Performance in Individuals and Teams’, Team Performance Management, vol. 21, no. 7/8, pp. 339-360, <https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-03-2015-0014>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-03-2015-0014
Rane, N., Choudhary, S. and Rane, J. 2023, ‘Metaverse Marketing Strategies: Enhancing Customer Experience and Analysing Consumer Behaviour through Leading-Edge Metaverse Technologies, Platforms, and Models’, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4624199>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4624199
Rowe, S.W., Arghode, V. and Bhattacharyya, S.S. 2024, ‘A Study on Adaptive Performance, Work-Related Psychological Health and Demographics in Episcopal Church Bishops’, Journal of Work-Applied Management, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 31-47, <https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-02-2023-0015>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-02-2023-0015
Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L., Vansteenkiste, M. and Soenens, B. 2021, ‘Building a Science of Motivated Persons: Self-Determination Theory’s Empirical Approach to Human Experience and the Regulation of Behavior’, Motivation Science, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 97, <https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000194>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000194
Sailer, M., Bauer, E., Hofmann, R., Kiesewetter, J., Glas, J., Gurevych, I. and Fischer, F. 2023, ‘Adaptive Feedback from Artificial Neural Networks Facilitates Pre-Service Teachers’ Diagnostic Reasoning in Simulation-Based Learning’, Learning and Instruction, vol. 83, p. 101620, <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101620>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101620
Shahzad, M.F., Khan, K.I., Saleem, S. and Rashid, T. 2021,‘What Factors Affect the Entrepreneurial Intention to Start-Ups? The Role of Entrepreneurial Skills, Propensity to take Risks, and Innovativeness in Open Business Models’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, vol. 7, no. 3, p.173, <https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030173>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030173
Sherf, E.N. and Morrison, E.W. 2020, ‘I do not need feedback! Or do I? Self-efficacy, Perspective Taking, and Feedback Seeking’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 105, no. 2, pp.146-165, <https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000432>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000432
Sulaiman, J. and Ismail, S.N. 2020, ‘Teacher Competence and 21st Century Skills in Transformation Schools 2025 (TS25)’, Universal Journal of Educational Research, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 3536-3544, . DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080829
Tang, M., Wang, D. and Guerrien, A. 2020, ‘A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Motivation, and Well‐Being in Later Life: Contributions of Self‐Determination Theory’, PsyCh Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.5-33, <https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.293>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.293
Treviso, M., Lee, J-U., Ji, T., van Aken, B., Cao, Q., Ciosici, M.R.,…. and Schwartz, R. 2023, ‘Efficient Methods for Natural Language Processing: A Survey’, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, pp. 826-860, <https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00577>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00577
VandeWalle, D., Ganesan, S., Challagalla, G.N. and Brown, S.P. 2000, ‘An Integrated Model of Feedback-Seeking Behavior: Disposition, Context, and Cognition’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 996-1003, <https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.996>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.6.996
Woo, D., Endacott, C.G. and Myers, K.K. 2023, ‘Navigating Water Cooler Talks Without the Water Cooler: Uncertainty and Information Seeking during Remote Socialization’, Management Communication Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 251-280, <https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189221105916>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189221105916
Zhan, J., Yao, Y. and Zhu, X. 2023, ‘The Mediating Effect of Feedback-Seeking Behavior on the Relationship between Ideal L2 Writing Self and Story Continuation Writing Performance: A Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling Approach’, System, vol. 113, p.102976, <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102976>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102976
Zhang, J., Javaid, M., Liao, S., Choi, M. and Kim, H.E. 2024, How and When Humble Leadership Influences Employee Adaptive Performance? The Roles of Self-Determination and Employee Attributions’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 377-396, . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2023-0245
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Farhan Qadir, Muhammad Shahid , Gainiya Tazhina

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

