Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Pore Pressure of the Earth’s Crust - A Desk Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59926/jodprp.vol01/05Keywords:
Disaster management, earthquake, seismicity, Sendai Framework, High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to identify and analyse the major anthropogenic factors affecting pore pressure of the rocks inside the Earth’s crust which determines the frequency of earthquakes and is responsible for causing seismic events, eventually leading to seismic movements. These activities include construction of dams, hydraulic fracking, carbon sequestration, and radiations from certain technologies such as the United States’ High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) which is now being used for research purposes. It also studies how temperature and pressure are related and trigger earthquakes and how global warming is affecting the Earth’s pore pressure. The effects of these factors were assessed on different parts of the world such as in the USA, Pakistan and India, where earthquakes were triggered. The study is based on desk research, including review of research papers and case studies on the subject. The findings from this secondary review indicated that fracking and building reservoirs have resulted in significant seismic events in many parts of the world, even in areas such as Oklahoma, USA, which were not seismically active, but which witnessed earthquakes after fracking and reservoir projects were initiated (Rubinstein and Mahani 2015). Moreover, there exists a positive correlation between temperature increase and earthquake frequency (Usman et al. 2016). Furthermore, the chapter also studies if the radiations emitted under programmes such as HAARP can cause disturbance in the earth’s crust because very low frequency radiations emitted from transmitters towards ionosphere, gets reflected back to the earth, can also trigger seismic movements in the crust (Kim et al. 2002). However, human factors such as building of artificial dams, and hydraulic fracking are also major contributing factors towards increasing the frequency of earthquakes around the globe (Petersen et al. 2016). The chapter discusses how the Sendai Framework can play a role to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities which can trigger disasters, such as earthquakes.
The scope of this article is related to the following SDG / SDGs.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Bommer, J., Crowley, H. and Pinho, R. 2015, ‘A Risk-mitigation Approach to the Management of Induced Seismicity’, Journal of Seismology, vol.19, no.2, pp.623-646.
Ellsworth, W.L. 2013, ‘Injection-induced Earthquakes’, Science, vol. 341, no.6142, p.1225942.
Fujinawa, Y. and Takahashi, K. 1998, ‘Electromagnetic Radiations Associated with Major Earthquakes’, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 105, no. 3, pp.249-259.
Gupta, H.K., Radhakrishna, I., Chadh, R.K., Kümpel, H.J. and Grecks, G. 2000, ‘Pore Pressure Studies Initiated in Area of Reservoir‐induced Earthquakes in India’, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol. 81, no. 14, pp.145-151.
Häring, M.O., Schanz, U., Ladner, F. and Dyer, B.C. 2008, ‘Characterisation of the Basel 1 Enhanced Geothermal System’, Geothermics, vol.37, no.5, pp.469-495.
Ibenbrahim, A., Ni, J., Salyards, S. and Ali, I.M. 1989, ‘Induced Seismicity of the Tarbela Reservoir, Pakistan,’ Seismological Research Letters, vol. 60, no. 4, pp.185-197.
Immerzeel, W.W., Van Beek, L.P. and Bierkens, M.F. 2010, ‘Climate Change will affect the Asian Water Towers’, Science, vol. 328, no.5984, pp.1382-1385.
Johnston, M.J.S. 2002, ‘38 Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Earthquakes’, International Geophysics, vol. 81, pp.621-635.
Kelman, I., 2015, ‘Climate Change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, vol.6, no.2, pp.117-127.
Keranen, K.M., Savage, H.M., Abers, G.A. and Cochran, E.S. 2013, ‘Potentially Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: Links between Wastewater Injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 Earthquake Sequence’, Geology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp.699-702.
Keranen, K.M., Weingarten, M., Abers, G.A., Bekins, B.A. and Ge, S. 2014, ‘Sharp Increase in Central Oklahoma Seismicity since 2008 Induced by Massive Wastewater Injection’, Science, vol. 345, no.6195, pp.448-451.
Kim, V.P., Pulinets, S.A. and Hegai, V.V. 2002, ‘Theoretical Model of Possible Disturbances in the Nighttime Mid-latitude Ionospheric D Region Over an area of Strong-earthquake Preparation’, Radiophysics and quantum electronics, vol. 45, no.4, pp.262-268.
Kim, W.Y. 2013, ‘Induced Seismicity Associated with Fluid Injection into a Deep Well in Youngstown, Ohio’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 118, no. 7, pp.3506-3518.
Klose, C. 2012, 'Mechanical and Statistical Evidence of the Causality of Human-made Mass Shifts on the Earth's Upper Crust and the Occurrence of Earthquakes', Journal of Seismology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 109-135.
Klose, C.D. 2010, ‘Human-triggered Earthquakes and their Impacts on Human Security’, Achieving Environmental Security: Ecosystem Services and Human Welfare, pp.13-19. Doi doi:10.1038/npre.2010.4745.2, <https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/289330.pdf>, accessed 19 April 2017.
Klose, C.D. 2007, ‘Mine water discharge and flooding: A cause of severe earthquakes’, Mine Water and the Environment, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.172-180.
Mazzoldi, A., Rinaldi, A.P., Borgia, A. and Rutqvist, J. 2012, ‘Induced Seismicity within Geological Carbon Sequestration Projects: Maximum Earthquake Magnitude and Leakage Potential from Undetected Faults’, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 10, pp.434-442.
McGarr, A. 2014, ‘Maximum Magnitude Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection’, Journal of Geophysical Research: solid earth, vol. 119, no. 2, pp.1008-1019.
McGarr, A., Simpson, D. and Seeber, L. 2002, ‘40 Case Histories of Induced and Triggered Seismicity’, International Geophysics, vol.81, no.a, pp. 647-661.
Okazumi, T. and Nakasu. T. 2015, 'Lessons Learned from Two unprecedented Disasters in 2011- Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan and Chao Phraya Flood in Thailand', International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 13, pp. 200-206.
Ono, Y., Ida, Y., Kasahara, Y., Hobara, Y., Hayakawa, M., Rozhnoi, A., Solovieva, M., Molchanov, O.A. and Ohta, K. 2012, ‘Ionospheric Perturbations Associated with Two Huge Earthquakes in Japan, Using Principal Component Analysis for Multiple Subionospheric VLF/LF Propagation Paths’, Annals of Geophysics, vol. 55, no.1, pp.1-10.
Petersen, M.D., Mueller, C.S., Moschetti, M.P., Hoover, S.M., Shumway, A.M., McNamara, D.E., Williams, R.A., Llenos, A.L., Ellsworth, W.L., Michael, A.J. and Rubinstein, J.L. 2016, ‘One‐Year Seismic‐Hazard Forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from Induced and Natural Earthquakes’, Seismological Research Letters, vol. 113, no.A10, pp. 1-58.
Piddyachiy, D., Inan, U.S., Bell, T.F., Lehtinen, N.G. and Parrot, M. 2008, ‘DEMETER Observations of an Intense Upgoing Column of ELF/VLF Radiation Excited by the HAARP HF Heater’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol. 113, no.A10, pp. 1-8.
Pulinets, S. and Davidenko, D. 2014, ‘Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes and Global Electric Circuit, Advances in Space Research, vol. 53, no. 5, pp.709-723.
Pundhir, D., Singh, B., Singh, O.P. and Gupta, S.K. 2016, ‘Anomalous Variations of Ionosphere Associated with the Strong Earthquake at Pakistan-Iran border at a Low Latitude Station Agra, India’, Acta Geophysica, vol. 64, no. 3, pp.796-809.
Rubinstein, J.L. and Mahani, A.B. 2015, ‘Myths and Facts on Wastewater Injection, Hydraulic Fracturing, Enhanced Oil Recovery, and Induced Seismicity’, Seismological Research Letters, vol. 86, no.1, retrieved from <https://scits.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/isfc_2_rubenstein_pap_srl2015067.pdf> accessed 20 July 2016.
Rutqvist, J. 2012, ‘The Geo-mechanics of CO2 Storage in Deep Sedimentary Formations’, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 30, no. 3, pp.525-551.
Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G. and Kim, W.Y., 2004, ‘A Fluid-Injection-Triggered Earthquake Sequence in Ashtabula, Ohio: Implications for seismogenesis in stable continental regions’, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 1, pp.76-87.
Shapiro, S.A., Dinske, C., Langenbruch, C. and Wenzel, F. 2010, ‘Seismogenic Index and Magnitude Probability of Earthquakes Induced during Reservoir fluid Stimulations’, The Leading Edge, vol. 29, no.3, pp.304-309.
Talwani, P. 2000, 'Seismogenic Properties of the Crust Inferred from Recent Studies of Reservoir-Induced seismicity- Application to Koyna', Current Science, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1327-1333.
UNDP 2016, ‘UNDP Support to the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development’, 1st ed., United Nations Development Programme, New York pp.1-32 <http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/SDGs/SDG%20Implementation%20and%20UNDP_Policy_and_Programme_Brief.pdf>, accessed April 2017.
UNISDR 2015, 'Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030', The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland.
Usman, M., Zafar, M., Murata, M. and Qadir, T.K.A. 2016, ‘Analysis of Correlation between Temperature Increase and Earthquake Frequency in Northern Pakistan’, A Scientific Journal of COMSATS, vol.15, no.1, pp.30-59.<https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad_Usman3/publication/2356226
_Analysis_of_Correlation_between_Temperature_Increase_and_Earthquake_Frequency_in_Northern_Pakistan/links/0912f511f3623a31e1000000.pdf> accessed April 2017.
Warpinski, N.R., Du, J. and Zimmer, U., 2012, ‘Measurements of Hydraulic-FractureInduced Seismicity in Gas Shales’, SPE Production & Operations, vol. 27, no. 3, pp.240-252.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Zainab Naeem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
